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                <text>Dance parties [lcsh], Balls (parties) [lcsh], Santa Cruz County (Calif.) [lcna]</text>
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        <name>Santa Cruz County (Calif.) [lcna]]</name>
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        <name>ucdw_wa011_sg004_s003.1</name>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>This item is made accessible in accordance to fair use procedures as dictated in the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, Section 107. Fair use is a provision in copyright law that allows the limited use of copyright materials without permission of the copyright holder for noncommercial teaching, research, scholarship &amp; news reporting purposes.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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            <name>Description</name>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Cabballeros de Dimas Alang, Dance parties [lcsh], Balls (parties) [lcsh], Santa Cruz County (Calif.) [lcna]</text>
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                <text>Benefit Dance flyer sponsored by the Aglipay Lodge No. 27 (Watsonville), Donna Aurora Quezon Lodge No. 57 (Watsonville), Bogallion Lodge No. 52 (Santa Cruz), Suzara Lodge No. 76 (Santa Cruz).</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Petals of Bataan cover</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Filipino poets [lcsh], Philippine poets [lcsh], Women poets - Filipino [lcsh], Santa Cruz County (Calif.) -- History [lcsh],</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="3846">
                <text>Cover for Petals of Bataan, example of Filipino American poetry at California's central coast.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>This item is made accessible in accordance to fair use procedures as dictated in the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, Section 107. Fair use is a provision in copyright law that allows the limited use of copyright materials without permission of the copyright holder for noncommercial teaching, research, scholarship &amp; news reporting purposes.</text>
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        <name>Philippine poets [lcsh]</name>
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        <name>Women poets - Filipino [lcsh]</name>
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                  <text>Filipina/os in the California Central Coast collection</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Filipino Women of Santa Maria &amp; Guadalupe</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Santa Barbara (Calif.) [lcna], Filipino American Women [lcsh],</text>
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                <text>1950s</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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                <text>This item is made accessible in accordance to fair use procedures as dictated in the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, Section 107. Fair use is a provision in copyright law that allows the limited use of copyright materials without permission of the copyright holder for noncommercial teaching, research, scholarship &amp; news reporting purposes.</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
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            <name>Identifier</name>
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                <text>ucdw_wa011_sg004_s003.1_014</text>
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        <name>Filipino American Women [lcsh]</name>
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        <name>Santa Barbara (Calif.) [lcna]</name>
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        <name>ucdw_wa011_sg004_s003.1</name>
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                  <text>Filipina/os in the California Central Coast collection</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Masquerade Dance Sponsored by Filipino Sport Club, Guadalupe, Calif. Oct. 28, 1939</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>28-Oct-39</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
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Ruby Ibarra, Astra Logik, and the Balikbayans</text>
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                <text>Filipino Advocacy Day was a day that brought together organizations and communities across California to push for progressive policies that will uplift and protect the rights and welfare of the Filipino community and other marginalized groups. The Day is convened by LEAD Filipino and the UC Davis Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies, and in collaboration with a network of community based organizations and policy makers dedicated to building the political power of the Filipino community on a statewide level. Organizations include  Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies, South of Market Community Action Network (SOMCAN), Little Manila Rising, Kumare Culture, Sinag-tala Filipino Theater and Performing Arts Association, Empowering Marginalized Asian Communities - EMAC, Kappa Psi Epsilon - UC Davis, Bridge: Pilipinx Outreach &amp; Retention, National Federation of Filipino American Associations (NaFFAA), Sacramento Filipinx Lgbtqia, @Santa Clara County Commission on the Status of Women, @Northern California Pilipinx Student Alliance</text>
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 Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies, South of Market Community Action Network (SOMCAN), Little Manila Rising, Kumare Culture, Sinag-tala Filipino Theater and Performing Arts Association, Empowering Marginalized Asian Communities - EMAC, Kappa Psi Epsilon - UC Davis, Bridge: Pilipinx Outreach &amp; Retention, National Federation of Filipino American Associations (NaFFAA), Sacramento Filipinx Lgbtqia, Santa Clara County Commission on the Status of Women, Northern California Pilipinx Student Alliance</text>
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              <text>In the Filipino community, workers? rights issues are intimately tied to issues of gender-based discrimination and immigration. Advocates have noted the feminization of migration to the United States, where primarily Filipinas are used as low-wage labor in industries such as home health care, nursing, domestic work, and teaching. Workers experience human rights violations such as threats of deportation, debt bondage, trafficking, wage theft, and sexual assault due in part to the isolation of these industries and lack of legal protections. For those in unionized workplaces, the recent Janus v. AFSCME ruling states that non union workers cannot be forced to pay fees to public sector unions, deeply affecting unions? ability to collectively bargain for better working conditions. Public services unions include unions for nurses and child care providers, where 20% of all registered nurses in California are Filipinos (2013). Solutions City, County, and State-Wide Legislation to combat wage theft and develop protections for domestic workers and agricultural workers. This can include the passing of local wage theft ordinances to revoke licenses from businesses engaging in wage theft as well as an enforcement of the CA Domestic Workers? Bill of RIghts. Statewide level Ethnic Studies curriculum, such as AB 123, to educate youth and students around workers rights. Statewide level legislation that counteracts Janus vs. AFSCME ruling and protects the right to collective bargaining.</text>
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                <text>Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies, 2018 Filipino Policy Symposium Participants</text>
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                <text>Through the 2018 Filipino Policy Symposium, participants developed a California state-wide policy platform focused on eight major areas: Gender Justice, Housing, Health, Community Development and Small Businesses, Immigration, Workers Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice, and Education. This platform shares the lived realities experienced by the California Filipino population and their proposed policy recommendations. The 2019 Filipino Policy Platform can be utilized by policy makers, community based organizations, and the larger public as an educational resource to develop policies and further engagement with the Filipino community.</text>
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                <text>The Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies and the UC Davis Asian American Studies department holds intellectual control of these recordings. Usage is restricted for educational, non-commercial purposes only.</text>
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              <text>In 2016, California passed a state law encouraging high schools to recommend Ethnic Studies electives and to create a model curriculum by 2020. Ethnic minorities account for 71% of the student population, and studies have proved that culturally relevant studies increase youth empowerment, political and social awareness, attendance, and GPA increases (Stanford-SFUSD 2016). In addition, AB 123 was passed in 2013 to include the histories of Filipino farm workers in the state?s curriculum. Although California has made strides in education, only 1% of California?s student population takes Ethnic Studies courses. Implementation and funding are still major issues as well as difficulties in accessing student counseling and mental health services. BCFS recommends the following: Development of trainings for parents, educators, school administrations, and district officials around the implementation of Ethnic Studies curriculum. Conscious local implementation and state funding towards a K - 12 Ethnic Studies curriculum. Funding towards teachers salaries, mental health services, and student counselors. Statewide legislation for Ethnic Studies courses to be a high school graduation requirement. Creation of sustainable programs to develop a pipeline of well trained Ethnic Studies teachers.</text>
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                <text>[Asian Americans--Cultural Assimilation [lcsh], Asian Americans -- Ethnic identity [lcsh], Berkeley : 1969)[lcsh], Bonta - Rob, Ethnicity--Research [lcsh], Ethnicity--United States- Study and Teaching [lcsh], Medina - Joe, Student Strike (University of California, Third World Liberation Front [lcsh], University of California Berkeley--Student strike--1969--Newspapers[lcsh], </text>
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              <text>Issues of militarization, criminalization, and other human rights abuses widely affect the Filipino community not only in the United States, but in the Philippines and abroad. According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, Asians makeup 1.5% of the United States prison population, yet this number does not accurately portray the disproportionate criminalization of the Southeast Asian community nor does it reflect the numbers of those in state prisons and immigrant detention centers. (FBP 2018) Major trends include lack of support after re-entry and the model minority myth as one of the causes as to why Filipinos and AAPINH populations are overlooked when it comes to mass incarceration and receiving proper support when they are incarcerated. Globally, Filipinos are also impacted by the human rights violations in the Philippines and abroad due in part by US Military Aid to the Philippine government. These violations include the Duterte administration?s War on Drugs, the criminalization of Filipino migrant workers, the extra-judicial killings of activists, and the militarization of indigenous groups. Solutions Network of Resources, Legal Organizations, and Community Organizations focused on re-entry, criminal law, and immigration law. Defunding governmental departments and programs responsible for domestic and foreign militarization and weapons transfers. Stand in solidarity with movements for Black lives, native and indigenous communities, and marginalized peoples. Increase funding and services for veterans and their families, including Filipino veterans.</text>
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                <text>Through the 2018 Filipino Policy Symposium, participants developed a California state-wide policy platform focused on eight major areas: Gender Justice, Housing, Health, Community Development and Small Businesses, Immigration, Workers Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice, and Education. This platform shares the lived realities experienced by the California Filipino population and their proposed policy recommendations. The 2019 Filipino Policy Platform can be utilized by policy makers, community based organizations, and the larger public as an educational resource to develop policies and further engagement with the Filipino community.</text>
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              <text>The United States is home to largest number of Filipinos abroad, with estimates of 1.9 million to 3.2 million Filipinos living in the country (Migration Policy Institute 2016, Commission of Filipinos Overseas 2015). Beginning with the transfer of the Philippines from Spanish to US colonization in the early 1900s, the mass influx of Filipino migration to the United States started with Filipinos becoming cheap migrant labor for US agriculture, canneries, and plantations. Throughout the 1900s and 2000s, there have been increased waves of migration of not only low wage workers, but also professionals, veterans, and petitioned families post-1965 immigration laws. Currently, Filipinos continue to migrate with many as low-wage workers for US industries with undocumented and temporary visa statuses. According to the Department of Homeland Security, there is an estimated 310,000 undocumented Filipinos in the US. Major trends impacting Filipino immigrants include tago ng tago, the cultural stigma of being undocumented; the rise of Filipinas being forced to migrate from Philippines; deportation and detention; and labor trafficking. BCFS recommends the following: Education around immigration policies, workers rights, and migrant rights from community-based organizations, and from the Philippine and United States government. Development of Rapid Response Networks and other community networks for protection from detention and deportations. Legislation to hold recruitment agencies and predatory loan companies accountable for debt bondage and labor trafficking; increased oversight from the Philippine and US government on labor recruitment processes; and funding for overseas protection and services for Filipino migrant workers. Legislation to defund the Department of Homeland Security and the US Immigration Customs and Enforcement, and transfer funds to social policies such as education and health care. Increased funding for dignified employment and infrastructure in the Philippines to curb forced migration and bolster community-led development in the country.</text>
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                <text>Through the 2018 Filipino Policy Symposium, participants developed a California state-wide policy platform focused on eight major areas: Gender Justice, Housing, Health, Community Development and Small Businesses, Immigration, Workers Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice, and Education. This platform shares the lived realities experienced by the California Filipino population and their proposed policy recommendations. The 2019 Filipino Policy Platform can be utilized by policy makers, community based organizations, and the larger public as an educational resource to develop policies and further engagement with the Filipino community. </text>
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              <text>After the 2008 Great Recession, the Filipino population suffered the most foreclosures due to the deregulation of the housing financial market. With the onset of displacement, gentrification, and immigration related threats, the Filipino community has been utilizing small businesses and civic engagements as modes for community development. For Filipino small businesses, there is a dearth of funding, education, and mentorship in growing their businesses. In addition, there is also a lack of financial literacy and education. BCFS proposes the following recommendations: Increased community-based financial education within the Filipino community and other marginalized communities. Financial education would include business literacy, cash management, and other basics that bridge the gap between personal finance and a disciplined business financial strategy. Investment from large companies to reduce their impact on the local real estate market, increase transparency in their funding, and develop transportation and infrastructure. Creation of a Filipino Small Business Network for mentorship and education in creating new businesses. Existing business networks tend to be focused on specific trades or age groups, but very little is available for small businesses. Regular assessments of city planners and transit officials in community infrastructure.</text>
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                <text>Community Development &amp; Small Businesses statement. Through the 2018 Filipino Policy Symposium, participants developed a California state-wide policy platform focused on eight major areas: Gender Justice, Housing, Health, Community Development and Small Businesses, Immigration, Workers Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice, and Education. This platform shares the lived realities experienced by the California Filipino population and their proposed policy recommendations. The 2019 Filipino Policy Platform can be utilized by policy makers, community based organizations, and the larger public as an educational resource to develop policies and further engagement with the Filipino community. </text>
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              <text>Filipinos are one of the largest ethnic groups in California as well as in the United States, yet there is a lack of recent disaggregated data around physical and mental health issues. Due to ideas around the model minority, it is assumed that Asian Americans in general do not experience health disparities, developing a lack of attention towards understanding the health inequalities impacting recently immigrated Asian communities. (NIMHD 2013) For instance, while Filipinos have a higher rate of insurance amongst the AAPINH population, many insurance policies do not cover mental health services. As a result, Filipinos have the least amount of access to mental health programs. In addition, many health programs also lack culturally appropriate services such as language access. Due to current political events, there is also higher rates of suicide in youth, and increased stress due to immigration related threats and gentrification. BCFS proposes the following recommendations: Community-engaged, intergenerational, and culturally appropriate health programs that provide preventative health measures such as emotional support, health screenings, and other services. Implementation of large-scale surveys focused on mental and physical health in the Filipino community. Culturally- appropriate trainings for educators, social workers, and counselors to better serve youth and other community members with mental health issues. Creation of a mental health network for the Filipino population to destigmatize mental health.</text>
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                <text>HEALTH</text>
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                <text>Health Service accessibility [lcsh], Public health [lcsh], Mental health policy [lcsh], Quality of Health Care [MeSH], Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation - Health Services Research[MeSH], Population Characteristics - Socioeconomic Factors - Social Class [MeSH], </text>
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                <text>Health Statement. Through the 2018 Filipino Policy Symposium, participants developed a California state-wide policy platform focused on eight major areas: Gender Justice, Housing, Health, Community Development and Small Businesses, Immigration, Workers Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice, and Education. This platform shares the lived realities experienced by the California Filipino population and their proposed policy recommendations. The 2019 Filipino Policy Platform can be utilized by policy makers, community based organizations, and the larger public as an educational resource to develop policies and further engagement with the Filipino community. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="3749">
                <text>The Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies and the UC Davis Asian American Studies department holds intellectual control of these recordings. Usage is restricted for educational, non-commercial purposes only.</text>
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        <name>Emigration and immigration law [lcsh]</name>
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        <name>Forced labor - Law and Legislation [lcsh]</name>
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        <name>Foreign Workers - Philipines [lcsh]</name>
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        <name>Human rights and civil liberties [lcsh]</name>
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        <name>Human trafficking - Law and Legislation [lcsh]</name>
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        <name>Manpower Policy - Philippines [lcsh]</name>
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        <name>Philippines--Civilization--American Influences [lcsh]</name>
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              <text>Across California, communities are being impacted by the housing crisis through displacement, evictions, and homelessness. Across California, communities are being impacted by the housing crisis through displacement, evictions, and homelessness. Advocates in the San Francisco Bay Area noted the rise of gentrification in low income neighborhoods, the skyrocketing rent increases, and how rent control serves as a ?lifeline? for families to afford a place to live. Those living in the Central Valley and greater Sacramento area are experiencing the consequences of this outward migration from the Bay Area, driving up local rental fees. In Southern California, one in three renters in Los Angeles are severely cost burdened (Joint Center for Housing Studies 2017). Additionally, the expensive rental market has also impacted Filipino students across the state. Across the UC and CSU system, Filipino students make up 4.1% of the CSU student population, and 13.4% of the AANHPI population in the UC system (CSU 2015, Campaign for College Opportunity 2015). The trend of homelessness and displacement has been found across campuses with 5% of the UC student population and 10.1% of the CSU student population reporting to have experienced homelessness (UC Global Food Initiative 2017, CSU Basic Needs Initiative 2018). BCFS proposes the following recommendations: The Repeal of the Costa-Hawkins Act. The Creation of a Filipino Policy Network Focused on Housing, Displacement, and Gentrification. Increased funding from the federal, regional, and local level towards student housing, low income and extremely low income housing, eviction control, relocation money, and foreclosure assistance. Increased taxes on large corporations in order to develop revenue for housing assistance programs. More statewide housing policies which address the intraregional effects of displacement on rising housing prices and super commutes. Implementation of the Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Act, or a similar law, within California, which gives tenants the right to purchase the property in which they reside. Developing partnerships between city governments and nonprofits around tenant protections such as the San Francisco Small Sites Program. Increasing the commercial housing linkage fee within for new housing developments in cities. Eviction leave from work for tenants. Tenants should not have to make the choice of whether to go to work or represent themselves in eviction court. Extended voting period for residents who move out of district. The current law allows for residents to vote remotely, if they have a current address in district. A new law would allow residents who move out of district to choose to vote in the district of their previous address for up to 4 years after they move, or when they register to vote at their new address, whichever is sooner.</text>
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                <text>Discrimination in housing -- United States [lcsh], Gentrification [lcsh], Housing policy -- United States [lcsh], Landlord and tenant--United States [lcsh], Rent Control - Law and Legislation [lcsh], </text>
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                <text>Housing, Homelessness, &amp; Gentrification Statement. Through the 2018 Filipino Policy Symposium, participants developed a California state-wide policy platform focused on eight major areas: Gender Justice, Housing, Health, Community Development and Small Businesses, Immigration, Workers Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice, and Education. This platform shares the lived realities experienced by the California Filipino population and their proposed policy recommendations. The 2019 Filipino Policy Platform can be utilized by policy makers, community based organizations, and the larger public as an educational resource to develop policies and further engagement with the Filipino community. </text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3739">
                <text>The Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies and the UC Davis Asian American Studies department holds intellectual control of these recordings. Usage is restricted for educational, non-commercial purposes only.</text>
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              <text>Due to stigma, poor media representation, and a lack of education around women and LGBTQQIA issues, many Pilipinx community members have been impacted by low self esteem, mental health issues, and exclusion from the larger community. Our focus on gender justice relates to those who identify as Filipina, gender non-conforming, and LGBTQQIA+. Due to stigma, poor media representation, and a lack of education around women and LGBTQQIA issues, many Pilipinx community members have been impacted by low self esteem, mental health issues, and exclusion from the larger community. Major issues include vulnerability to human trafficking and sexual assault, and challenges in accessing health care and employment with sufficient benefits and wages. These issues connect to human rights abuses in the Philippines such as with cases like the murder of Jennifer Laude, a transgender Filipina sex worker who was killed by a US military officer. BCFS proposes the following recommendations: The passing and state-wide implementation of Ethnic Studies curriculum that includes education around gender and LGBTQQIA+ issues. The funding and state-wide implementation of disaggregated research infrastructures to understand gender and sexuality in the Pilipinx community. Representation of the Filipina and Pilipinx LGBTQQIA+ community in the media and in political bodies such as health commissions. Comprehensive funding from private, community, and governmental sources towards services and programs focused on the Filipina and Pilipinx LGBTQQIA+communities. Increased education in the larger Filipino community about Filipina and Pilipinx LGBTQQIA+ issues. Trauma-informed policies and programs for those impacted by human trafficking and sexual assault.</text>
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                <text>GENDER JUSTICE</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3725">
                <text>Asian American gay men [lcsh], Asian American bisexuals [lcsh], Asian American gay lesbians [lcsh], Gay rights [lcsh], Queer theory [lcsh], Sexual minorities--United States [lcsh], Transgender [lcsh], Transphobia [lcsh], LGBTQIA, Gender Non-Conforming, Survival Sex Trade, Sexual Assault, Filipina, Pilipinx, Human Rights, </text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3726">
                <text>Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies, Sacramento Filipinx LGBTQIA+, 2018 Filipino Policy Symposium Participants</text>
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                <text>Gender Justice platform statement. Through the 2018 Filipino Policy Symposium, participants developed a California state-wide policy platform focused on eight major areas: Gender Justice, Housing, Health, Community Development and Small Businesses, Immigration, Workers Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice, and Education. This platform shares the lived realities experienced by the California Filipino population and their proposed policy recommendations. The 2019 Filipino Policy Platform can be utilized by policy makers, community based organizations, and the larger public as an educational resource to develop policies and further engagement with the Filipino community. </text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3729">
                <text>The Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies and the UC Davis Asian American Studies department holds intellectual control of these recordings. Usage is restricted for educational, non-commercial purposes only.</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="3730">
                <text>.txt</text>
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        <name>LGBT</name>
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                  <text>Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies files</text>
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                <text>Proposition 10: Housing and the Filipino Community</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="3715">
                <text>Discrimination in housing -- United States [lcsh] Gentrification [lcsh], Housing policy -- United States [lcsh], Landlord and tenant--United States [lcsh], Rent Control - Law and Legislation [lcsh],</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="3716">
                <text>Katherine Nasol, Roy Taggueg, Bulosan Center for Filipino Studies</text>
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              <text>CollectingHERstory&#13;
Honoring Pinays in Women’s History&#13;
&#13;
Throughout the centuries, Filipinas have played an integral part in fighting for the freedom of others. Whether it be through organizing in the grape fields or fighting in the battlefields, pinays (women of Filipino descent) have remained resilient in fighting for themselves and others. Pinays are unique in the way they’ve challenged traditional western gender roles. They are not only mothers, sisters, daughters, and wives. They are writers, advocates, fighters, and warriors who continue to inspire others today.&#13;
&#13;
This biographical exhibit showcases some of the many Filipinas in the past and present who have made a significant impact within their communities.&#13;
&#13;
Gabriela Silang&#13;
Silang was a Filipino revolutionary leader during Spain’s colonial hold over the Philippines. Born in Ilocos Sur, Silang found herself absorbed by the Filipino Independence Movement aiming to oust Spanish control. She married another fellow revolutionary, Diego Silang, in 1757. Together they amassed a grassroots military force (over 2000 recruits), large enough to begin a revolt in 1762.&#13;
Silang took over the reins of the Ilocos-bred independence movement after her husband was assassinated in 1763 by a coalition of Filipino-Spanish loyalists and Spanish officials. She was known for her ferocity and effective military leadership, winning the hearts of the people in neighboring cities of Ilocos Sur. As her popularity grew, the people of Ilocos gave her the title of “Henerala” (a woman general), as she was known to fight alongside her Ilocano comrades in battle on horseback with her bolo sword in hand.&#13;
The Spanish colonial military would lose to Gabriela Silang’s revolt in her hometown of Santa, Ilocos Sur. Their multiple defeats at the hands of a Philippine woman spurred the Spanish colonial government to exercise all means to capture and shut down sentiments of Filipina/o resistance as Silang’s military base expanded and news of her achievements began to reach the towns of northern Luzon. One of her most famous military efforts include her siege on Vigan. Unfortunately, her forces were overwhelmed by the Spanish retaliation at the siege, forcing Silang to go into hiding.&#13;
Silang and her compatriots were eventually captured in the mountain town of Abra. At the age of 32, she was executed by public hanging under the colonial government of the Spanish East Indies on September 20, 1763. Today, Gabriela Silang is still honored and remembered for her military victories and role in planting some of the first seeds of Philippine cultural pride and nationalism.&#13;
&#13;
Guerrilleras&#13;
1940-1950&#13;
The Philippine Underground Resistance was composed of guerrilla fighters who successfully undermined the control of the Imperial Japanese Army over the Philippines throughout the entire duration of the war. What is less well-known, however, are the efforts of Filipina warriors who joined the resistance movement by taking up arms, working as spies in Japanese industry, distributing Allied propaganda, healing the sick, wounded, and starving as nurses and doctors, and mapping out battle strategies to raid POW camps and Japanese military centers on the islands. These women were known as guerrilleras: female guerrilla soldiers.&#13;
&#13;
Colonel Yay Panlilio&#13;
One of these guerrilleras was Yay Panlilio. Born in the United States to an Irish American father and a Filipina mother, Panlilio left the USA as a young adult to live in the Philippines to reconnect with her Filipina/o heritage and to find a collective space to hone her writing as a journalist with other like-minded women of color. She would become a radio jockey and news correspondent in the years leading up to the invasion of the Philippine Islands by the Imperial Japanese Army. Once the Imperial Japanese had taken Manila, forcing the Allied Filipino and American troops into hiding following the Bataan Death March, Panlilio became a spy sending out crypted messages to the Filipino resistance for the Allies at a Japanese controlled Filipino radio station in Manila. Her broadcasts with KZRH station were so complex and cryptic that even MacArthur was unsure of whether she remained loyal to the goal of liberating the Philippines.&#13;
Upon hearing about her allegiance to the Allies, Panlilio was forced to flee Manila as the Japanese Imperial Army zeroed in on her whereabouts. She escaped to the forests and contracted malaria, but would recover and join the Underground Resistance, eventually becoming a colonel in the Markings’ Guerrilla branch in Luzon, east of Manila. Whether she was operating as a journalist, camp nurse, military strategist, leading men into espionage missions, building resistance networks from province to province, or raiding Japanese military warehouses and reconnaissance centers, Panlilio was a headstrong, stalwart, and plucky guerrilla leader in the Pacific Theater. She became one amongst only a handful of women who received the high rank of colonel or general along with the United States Medal of Freedom with Silver Palm. She would eventually write of her courageous war experience in her memoir, The Crucible: An Autobiography By Colonel Yay, Filipina American Guerrilla. She passed away in 1978.&#13;
&#13;
Lourdes Poblete&#13;
From a young age, Lourdes Poblete was raised on Philippine American military bases. When the Japanese Imperial Army invaded and took control of American bases in Luzon, her family was forced to leave after her father was taken hostage. Soon after, she was recruited as a teenager to operate as a guerrilla informant. Poblete’s main tasks involved carrying Allied propaganda and coded messages, sometimes folded into newspapers or hidden in cigarette boxes. She was eventually caught by Filipino makapili (Filipinos loyal to the Imperial Japanese regime) and Japanese informants and was imprisoned for two years at Fort Santiago. Poblete was constantly anxious and afraid that the Japanese soldiers would use her as a comfort woman. She and another inmate, a fellow Filipina guerrillera, were able to band together for moral support in an uncertain and life threatening environment. Forced to work as cleaners of fort tunnels converted into POW jails, the women lived in filthy conditions, vulnerable to body lice and disease that regularly spread from prisoner to prisoner. Once the Underground Resistance and Allied forces began to make headway in taking back the Philippines from the Japanese, Poblete managed to escape after she was transferred to Manila. She traveled from Manila to her hometown of Pasig by foot. During the grueling 15 mile trek, she was extremely malnourished and too afraid to ask passerbys for help, as they too might be informants for the Japanese Imperial Army. As the Allies and Filipina/o guerrillas began to liberate the main island of Luzon, Poblete again volunteered her services to the resistance effort as a nurse and caregiver to the injured soldiers. After the war, she became an informant and key witness aiding in the war crime trials investigation led by the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. She eventually immigrated to the United States and worked as a medical personnel and caregiver in the Bay Area. Still alive and in her late nineties, Poblete is currently retired and lives in the famous International Hotel (I-Hotel) for Asian American senior citizens. She remains active in promoting Filipina/o American World War II history to local youth.&#13;
&#13;
Serapia Estojero Aremas&#13;
Serapia Estojero Aremas was only a college student when she heard the sirens and bells ring on her campus, warning students that war had broken out and that they had to leave the university immediately to go home to their families. Soon after, she was recruited as a guerrillera to watch over an affluent Filipino family who had ties to the Philippine Guerrilla Forces stationed in Samar. Once the family was assassinated by Japanese soldiers, Serapia traveled back to her home province on Leyte. There she participated in the guerrilla communication networks that warned nearby villagers if Japanese Imperial soldiers were nearby through bamboo “telephone” poles (An older Filipino communication system that required knocking on bamboo stalks to produce a loud hollow echo. By following certain rhythms or taps, similar to morse code, villagers were able to relay different signals and messages to one another over long distances). Towards the last stretch of the war, Serapia volunteered to help pack and distribute both medical supplies and food rations to local families. Her volunteer work with the United States Armed Forces of the Far East (USAFFE) and Red Cross restored morale and stability to the ravaged communities on Leyte.&#13;
After completing fashion and design school in Manila, Aremas and her husband, a Filipino American sergeant, left the Philippines for the United States. Her husband Ricardo, part of the famous manong generation, returned to working as a farm laborer on the Central Coast in the Salinas Valley, eventually settling in Salinas and working at Fort Ord. Serapia would become a homemaker, professional seamstress, designer, beautician, and cake designer, to name a few of her trades, and together with her husband helped to support the Filipina/o American community of Salinas. Still a devoted club member to the Salinas Filipino Women’s Club, Serapia is enjoying retirement and recently celebrated her 99th birthday.&#13;
&#13;
Pinay Legacies of World War II&#13;
The ratio of guerrilleras—women guerrillas—to male guerrillas was 1:10 in the underground resistance. Pinay guerrilleras’ presence and heroic feats in a male dominated warzone opened the conversation of women’s capabilities outside the traditional labor assignments given to women in war as nurses, typists, or secretaries. The accomplishments of women like Panlilio, Aremas, and Poblete broke traditional gender molds and serve as prime examples of the modern pinay warrior. Pinay Guerrilleras would not be recognized for their services in the war until President Barack Obama’s signing of the Filipino Veterans of World War II Congressional Gold Medal Act of 2016. Nearly 42,000 other applicants by the end of 2016 were acknowledged and awarded medals of recognition and veterans’ benefits both at the state capital and again in San Francisco’s City Hall.&#13;
For more information, see Pinay Guerrilleras: The Unsung Heroics of the Filipina Resistance Fighters during the Pacific War by Bulosan Center Historian Stacey Anne Salinas. The book can be purchased at http://www.pacificatrocities.org/pinay-guerrilleras.html&#13;
&#13;
Lorraine Agtang&#13;
Lorraine Agtang was born in a labor camp near Delano, California on 1952. Lorraine is of Mexican and Filipino descent. Her mother, Lorenza Agtang, was born in Chihuahua, Mexico. Her father, Platon Agtang, was a migrant worker from Cavite Province in the Philippines, who worked at the sugar fields in Hawaii, canneries in Alaska, and the farmworker circuits throughout Central California. Lorraine’s exposure to farm labor activism occurred at an early age, as Agtang and her family left the fields of Chamorro Farms in support of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee during the 1965 Delano Grape Strike.&#13;
As Lorraine grew older, she became increasingly involved with the United Farmworkers (UFW), first working at the hospital clinic at the UFW’s 40 Acres facility. After the completion of the Agbayani Village retirement home, she served as the facility’s first manager. While working at Agbayani Village, Agtang interacted and befriended several Filipino veterans of the 1965 strike, including Willie Barrientos, Sebastian Sahagun and former UFW Vice President Philip Vera Cruz. During the 1973 Strike, she served as a UFW organizer in Northern and Central California.&#13;
Today, Lorraine continues to advocate for the history of Filipino Americans in the United Farmworkers, often giving speeches about the accomplishments of Manongs (An Ilocano word for “Older Brother,” typically attributed to the original 1965 Filipino strikers). Her image is depicted in the Chavez memorial at Sacramento’s Cesar Chavez Park.&#13;
For more information on Lorraine, please view her oral histoy interview and photograph collection at the Welga Digital Archive&#13;
(tinyurl.com/WelgaArchive)&#13;
&#13;
Cynthia Bonta&#13;
Cynthia Bonta is a scholar and social justice advocate known for her community service work and her involvement with the Christian ministry. Born at Laguna, Philippines, Cynthia received her BS in Zoology in 1958, before moving to the United States in 1965 as a Ecumenical Scholar for the Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley, California. She became involved with the school’s Social Justice Committee, which worked with the farm worker activists in the Central Valley. Through the 1970s, she devoted more time towards the farmworker movement, eventually relocating to the United Farm Workers La Paz Headquarters at Keene, California. She became involved with Philippine and Filipino American issues during the 1970s, becoming an activists for the Union of Democratic Filipinos (KDP).&#13;
Additionally, she co-founded the Outstanding Filipino Youth Awards&#13;
Program in 1990 as a project of the Philippine National Day Association, held several leadership positions for the Council of Asian Pacific Islanders Together for Advocacy and Leadership (CAPITAL), and in 2004 she was named a KVIE Local Hero during the 2004 Asian Pacific American Heritage Month.&#13;
For more information on Cynthia, please view her oral histoy interview at the Welga Digital Archive&#13;
(tinyurl.com/WelgaArchive)&#13;
&#13;
Lillian Galedo&#13;
Lillian Galedo was born in Stockton, California in 1948 to parents who emigrated from Bohol, the Philippines. Lillian entered UC Davis in 1968, at a time when the United Farm Workers rallied strike supporters throughout the country and when the Third World Movement recruited college students to the ethnic studies cause. Lillian was instrumental in organizing the Stockton Filipino Research Project, which documented the city’s Filipino Community and researched the history of Little Manila’s demolished buildings.&#13;
During the late 1970s, Lillian joined the Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino (KDP) and helped organize the Far West Convention at Seattle, Washington. After graduating from UC Davis, Lilian joined several social justice and civil rights causes, as she advocated against the Simpson-Mazzoli immigration bill (see photo), co-founded the Filipino Civil Rights Advocates, and joined Filipino Advocates for Justice. She has held staff positions at UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, and UC Davis and has been a research assistant with the Migrant and Farmworker Research Project for the state Department of Labor. In recognition of her involvement, Lillian was chosen by both the city of Berkeley and by Filipinas Magazine as a 1994 Outstanding Woman of the Bay Area. In 2017, Lillian retired as the Executive Director for Filipino Advocates for Justice.&#13;
For more information on Lillian, please view her oral histoy interview at the Welga Digital Archive&#13;
(tinyurl.com/WelgaArchive)&#13;
&#13;
Dawn Bohulano Mabalon&#13;
From her humble beginnings as a young woman from South Stockton, Dawn rose to become a tenured professor of history at San Francisco State University, a National Trustee and National Scholar for the Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) and one of the key figures of the Asian American Pacific Islanders in Historic Preservation among many other distinctions. One of Dawn’s most notable accomplishments was the preservation of Stockton’s Little Manila neighborhood, which was continually threatened with “urban renewal efforts” throughout the 20th century. Along with her lifelong friend Dillon Delvo, Dawn established the Little Manila Foundation, which ensures Stockton’s Filipino heritage is preserved and promoted through after school education programs, cultural dance programs, and preservation initiatives.&#13;
Dawn’s work is a testament to the importance of encouraging and supporting scholarship amongst minoritized communities. As she wrote: “We have lost much of our community’s history because of the assumption that our past is not history, that is it not an American experience worthy of interpretation and analysis.” Yet, Mabalon’s single-minded passion and commitment to her community’s past allowed her to excavate a history that, by the time of her research, was practically decimated. The rich texture and sites of U.S. immigration history can so easily disappear without the efforts of scholar-activists like Mabalon. Her work is an important contribution to FilipinoAmerican history, Asian American history, and, more broadly, U.S. immigration history.&#13;
Dawn passed away on August 10, 2018 at Kauai, Hawaii. On the day of her passing, Dawn and co-author Gayle Romasanta submitted the final draft for Journey for Justice: The Life of Larry Itliong. This children’s book is available at bridgedelta.com, and a portion of the proceeds will go to Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS), Little Manila Rising, and Pin@y Educational Partnerships (PEP).&#13;
&#13;
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